kilaunea is not as explosive as the eruption of mt st helens. what is the overall control that dictates this differnecec

units a through k are sediment layers. l and m are intrusive igneous bodies. the surface of erosion below layer h represents a(n) period of time of about 100 years. is True

Long-term accumulations of sediment and debris that land on the earth's surface or in bodies of water typically result in the formation of sedimentary strata. Each layer can represent a distinct geological epoch or timeframe, based on the type of rock and the fossils found in it.The amount of time that a layer was exposed to erosion, weathering, or other geological processes is represented by the surface of erosion beneath it. The length of that period, however, will vary depending on a number of variables, including the type of rock, the environment, the area, and the level of erosion.

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Light penetration in a river or stream is likely to be lowest at the middle portion. The correct option is C.

This is because the middle portion of a river or stream is typically the deepest and has the most sediment, which can block out or reduce the amount of light that penetrates the water.

Additionally, the middle portion is often where the greatest amount of currents and turbulence occur, which can further reduce the amount of light that reaches the bottom of the river or stream.

As light penetration decreases, photosynthesis rates are lowered and the amount of oxygen available to the aquatic life in the river or stream is also reduced. The correct option is C.

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As the planet Mercury formed, temperatures in this region were around 1400K.

Thus, Mercury formed out of material that had a high melting point. The most abundant elements were metals such as iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), and silicon (Si).

This is because the melting point of these elements is high enough to withstand the high temperature in the region. These elements, particularly iron, dominated the formation of Mercury.

In fact, the planet's density is the second-highest in the solar system, after Earth, which suggests a substantial metallic core.

According to the Giant impact hypothesis, Mercury was formed after a Mars-sized body collided with the early Earth.

The debris from the impact was scattered into space and coalesced into a hot planetesimal which eventually became Mercury.

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The type of unconformity, which is usually easiest to spot, since layers of sedimentary rocks are on top of igneous rocks without layers is called Disconformity.

What is an unconformity?

An unconformity is a contact between two groups of rock formations. An unconformity is a surface of erosion or non-deposition that separates younger from older rocks. A time gap or hiatus exists at the unconformity between the rock layers, indicating that some time has passed between the formation of the first group of rocks and the second group.

There are three types of unconformities: nonconformity, disconformity, and angular unconformity. An unconformity can be caused by tectonic events, sea-level shifts, or erosion, among other things.

A disconformity is an unconformity in which parallel layers of sedimentary rocks are separated by a break in sediment deposition or a layer of erosional material.

In a disconformity, the bedding planes of the strata above and below the unconformity are parallel, indicating a time gap in the sedimentary record.

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the country's best farmland

The term that describes soil that remains in place after having formed by weathering of the underlying bedrock is residual soil.

What is residual soil?

Residual soil, also known as residuum, is soil that forms from the weathering of bedrock that has remained in place. This soil is formed by in situ weathering and usually remains where it is formed. The weathering processes cause the bedrock to disintegrate into small particles, resulting in the formation of residual soil.

Residual soils are usually found on slopes and hilltops, where weathering is highest, and are often composed of coarse particles due to the intense weathering that occurs. They are generally thick and can be of varying depths depending on the bedrock they have formed from. The soil is typically rocky and nutrient-poor, which limits plant growth. Residual soils are classified as 4th-order soils according to the Soil Taxonomy. The Soil Taxonomy ranks soils into 12 orders based on their characteristics.

Residual soil is soil that forms from the weathering of bedrock that has remained in place.

Residual soils are usually found on slopes and hilltops, where weathering is highest. They are typically rocky and nutrient-poor. Residual soils are classified as 4th-order soils according to the Soil Taxonomy.

The word used to describe soil that stays in its original place after being formed by the weathering of the underlying bedrock is "residual soil".

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The biosphere is the term used to describe all of the ecosystems on the planet.

Biosphere includes the lithosphere (the solid crust of the Earth), the hydrosphere (the liquid water on the planet), the atmosphere (the air surrounding the Earth), and the stratosphere (the layer of air just above the atmosphere). All of these components work together to create the biosphere, and together they form a complex network of interactions. For example, water evaporates from the hydrosphere and condenses in the atmosphere, which then falls back to the Earth's surface as rain or snow. In this way, the biosphere is constantly exchanging materials and energy between its different components.

The biosphere is the Earth's living systems, including all living things on the planet, such as plants, animals, and microorganisms. The biosphere is closely related to the other three systems, as living organisms rely on water, air, and nutrients from the Earth's crust. The biosphere is the most complex and diverse of the Earth's systems, with a vast range of organisms that interact with each other in intricate ways. All the ecosystems on the planet together are called the biosphere.

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The term for all the ecosystems on the planet together is the biosphere, which encompasses all living organisms and their physical environments, including land, water, and air.

All of the ecosystems on the planet together are referred to as the biosphere. This term includes all living organisms and their physical environments, spanning over land (lithosphere), water (hydrosphere), and air (atmosphere). The other options listed: lithosphere, hydrosphere, stratosphere, and atmosphere are all components of the biosphere, but they individually do not represent all ecosystems on Earth.

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Answer: A low latitude climate is a tropical climate, exemplified by areas in or near the equator.

Water velocity in a stream varies based on many factors but is usually greater at the mouth than the head. The part of a stream commonly having the highest gradient is head.

Stream is defined as a body of water, running or moving continuously in a channel or course of considerable width and length. There are a number of different types of streams, each characterized by its size, location, and water velocity.

Some of the important factors that affect water velocity in a stream include the slope of the land, the amount of water in the stream, the shape of the streambed, and the type of sediment in the streambed.

Water velocity is the speed of water in a stream or river. It is the distance the water travels over a particular period of time. Water velocity in a stream is influenced by many factors such as the streambed, the shape of the channel, the amount of water in the stream, and the slope of the land, among others.

Gradient refers to the steepness or slope of a stream channel. The highest gradient in a stream is found at the head. The head is the point where the stream begins or the location where the stream gets its water. As the stream flows downstream, the gradient decreases, and the water velocity decreases.

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The 5 stages of solar system formation are Solar Nebula, Protostar and Protoplanetary Disk, Planetesimals, Protoplanets and  Solar System.

The 5 stages of solar system formation are:

1. Solar Nebula: A cloud of dust and gas, called the solar nebula, begins to collapse due to gravitational forces. As it collapses, the material starts to spin and flatten into a disk shape.

2. Protostar and Protoplanetary Disk: The material in the center of the disk becomes denser, forming a protostar. Meanwhile, the remaining material in the disk starts to clump together, creating a protoplanetary disk around the protostar.

3. Planetesimals: Within the protoplanetary disk, solid particles collide and stick together, forming larger bodies called planetesimals. These planetesimals continue to grow as they collect more material from the disk.

4. Protoplanets: As planetesimals grow and interact, some merge through collisions, eventually forming larger bodies known as protoplanets. Protoplanets continue to evolve and differentiate, developing into the planets we observe in our solar system today.

5. Solar System: Over time, the protostar at the center of the system becomes a fully-fledged star (our Sun), while the remaining protoplanetary disk material is cleared out, leaving the planets, moons, asteroids, and other bodies orbiting the star. This marks the formation of the solar system.

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The term "metamorphic grade" refers to the intensity of metamorphism.

The relative temperature and pressure conditions under which metamorphic rocks occur are referred to as the "metamorphic grade" in general. It is referred to as prograde metamorphism or as the grade of metamorphism increasing as temperature and/or pressure are increased on a body of rock. Low pressure and temperatures, ranging from 200 to 320°C, are ideal for low-grade metamorphism. An abundance of hydrous minerals is a characteristic of low grade metamorphic rocks.

When the temperature exceeds 320°C and the pressure is high, high-grade metamorphism occurs. Hydrous minerals lose water during metamorphism, becoming less hydrous, while non-hydrous minerals are increasingly prevalent.

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The abiotic factors observed in the high tide zone versus the lower intertidal zone are different. The major differences in the abiotic factors observed in the high tide zone versus the lower intertidal zone are as follows:

Abiotic factors in the high tide zone: In the high tide zone, the abiotic factors include temperature fluctuations, wave exposure, and variations in salinity. This region is typically less exposed to sunlight and air because the tide comes in and out of this zone quickly.

The high tide zone can experience strong wave action, as well as wind and water fluctuations. These factors all contribute to making it a challenging environment for plants and animals to survive.

Abiotic factors in the lower intertidal zone: In the lower intertidal zone, the abiotic factors include water pressure, light exposure, temperature fluctuations, and salinity. This region is typically more exposed to sunlight and air because the tide takes longer to come in and out.

The lower intertidal zone also experiences less wave action than the high tide zone. These factors make the lower intertidal zone an easier environment for plants and animals to survive.

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The tectonic boundary between the South American Plate and the Nazca Plate is a convergent boundary. At this boundary, the Nazca Plate is subducted beneath the South American Plate, resulting in the formation of a subduction zone.

As a result, various landforms are produced, including volcanoes, mountains, and oceanic trenches .In South America, one of the most prominent landforms produced by this tectonic boundary is the Andes Mountains.

These mountains stretch along the western edge of South America and are the longest mountain range in the world. They are formed by the collision of the South American Plate and the Nazca Plate.

Additionally, the Nazca Plate is being subducted beneath the South American Plate, resulting in the formation of the Peru-Chile Trench, which is the deepest oceanic trench in the world.

This trench is located off the coast of South America and is over 3,700 miles long. Other landforms produced by this tectonic boundary include volcanoes, such as Cotopaxi in Ecuador and Villarrica in Chile.

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At 47 degrees latitude, one second of longitude is equivalent to about 49.03 feet of arc distance, whereas one second of latitude is equivalent to about 100.76 feet of arc distance.

The following formula can be used to determine the arc distance of one second of longitude at a specific latitude:

Mean Earth Radius x Cosine of Latitude x Arc Distance (angular distance)

where 1/3600 degrees is the angular distance (since there are 3600 seconds in one degree). When we enter the values from the issue, we obtain:

One second's worth of longitude is represented by the formula (20,906,000 ft) x (cosine 47) x (1/3600) = 49.03 ft.

Similarly, the formula: can be used to get the arc distance of one second of latitude.

(Mean Earth Radius) x = arc distance (angular distance)

When we enter the values from the issue, we obtain:

One second of latitude is equal to 20 906,000 feet multiplied by 1/36 equals 100.76 feet.

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The sand dune (illustrated below) was deposited by wind currents 200 million years ago, which way was the wind blowing wind was blowing from right to left. The correct answer is B) the wind was blowing from right to left.

To determine the wind direction, we need to analyze the sand dune's structure. Sand dunes have two distinct sides: the windward side and the leeward side. The windward side is the side facing the wind, and it has a gentle slope. The leeward side is the side sheltered from the wind, and it has a steeper slope.

In this case, we can see that the left side of the dune has a steeper slope, while the right side has a more gentle slope. This indicates that the wind was blowing from the right, carrying sand grains up the gentle slope on the right side of the dune. Once the wind reached the top of the dune, it lost its carrying capacity, causing the sand grains to fall and accumulate on the steeper left side of the dune, forming the leeward side.

So, considering the structure of the sand dune and the slopes, we can conclude that the wind was blowing from right to left 200 million years ago when the sand dune was deposited. The correct answer is B) the wind was blowing from right to left.

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Travertine can form in a variety of geologic settings, including in caves,  near hot springs, and  in fast-moving rivers. Therefore the correct option is option A, B and C.

In caves, travertine forms as a result of carbon dioxide in the air dissolving in water. This results in an increase in the acidity of the water, which in turn dissolves the rock the cave is made of and deposits the resulting sediment in the form of travertine.
Near hot springs, the water is saturated with dissolved minerals such as calcium carbonate, which can also be deposited in the form of travertine.
In fast-moving rivers, the increased turbulence can cause the suspended sediment in the water to become trapped and deposited in the form of travertine.
Travertine can also form in glacial lakes, but not in swamps.

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Answer:

the lack of strict environmental regulations

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On the first day of winter in the northern hemisphere, if you are at 66 degrees north, you will experience cold temperatures, short daylight hours, and potentially snowfall. The sun will set earlier and the temperatures will drop, often below 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit).

This region is well within the Arctic Circle, so you can expect the winter to be cold and dark. During the day, temperatures may not reach above freezing, and in the evening they will drop even further. Snowfall is common and the region will be quite dark, as the sun is much lower in the sky at this time of year. During the winter solstice, the sun may only be visible for a few hours each day in this area.

Temperature in the poles around northern hemisphere is too low for any human settlement, lack of direct sunlight is one of the major reason for this extremely low temperature and harsh climate.

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Answer:

The Troposphere

Explanation:

It has most of our weather like rain, snow, and clouds.  On this part of the atmosphere, the temp gets cold as the amount of space above the earth increases.  

Further west from the deep U.S. trough, Eastern Alaska, as well as Yukon and British Columbia, Canada, were being impacted by a ridge.

A ridge of high pressure is impacting Eastern Alaska, Yukon and British Columbia in Canada, further west from the deep U.S. trough. A ridge of high pressure is an area of high atmospheric pressure, which is associated with fair weather, light winds and generally pleasant conditions. This ridge is formed when two air masses move away from each other, causing the air pressure in the area to increase. A ridge is typically indicated on a weather map by a line of red L's. The L's are placed on the map in the direction of the wind flow around the ridge, with the point of the L representing the area of highest atmospheric pressure.

The increased atmospheric pressure caused by the ridge produces lighter winds and warmer temperatures. The warmer temperatures and decreased wind speeds generally lead to more stable weather conditions and less precipitation. The ridge can also bring dry and sunny conditions, as well as a decrease in storm activity. These effects can be felt further downwind of the ridge, making it a welcomed feature in many areas.

In contrast, a trough is typically associated with low-pressure areas that produce wet, stormy weather conditions, as well as cool temperatures. This is because the low-pressure system promotes the formation of clouds and precipitation, which can reduce the amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth's surface.

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The glacial feature that is indicative of a local climate becoming dry and cold is loess.

Loess is an unconsolidated, silty sediment deposited by the wind, typically found in arid or semi-arid climates. It is usually found on the leeward side of mountains and hills, and is often found in association with glacial deposits.

This process is often found in regions of glacial feature, such as mountain ranges and hillsides. The sediment accumulates in layers of silt, which eventually hardens and forms loess.

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The body waves and surface waves responsible for the most shaking.The seismic wave responsible for the most shaking (and thus, the most damage to human structures) is the surface wave.

Seismic waves are waves that are generated by earthquakes and other disturbances in the Earth's surface, such as explosions, volcanic activity, and landslides.

They are made up of various types of waves, each with its own distinctive characteristics. There are two types of seismic waves: body waves and surface waves.

Body waves are seismic waves that travel through the Earth's interior. P-waves and S-waves are two types of body waves. Surface waves, on the other hand, are seismic waves that travel along the Earth's surface.

Rayleigh waves and Love waves are two types of surface waves.

Surface waves are responsible for the most shaking (and thus, the most damage to human structures).

The reason for this is that they travel more slowly than body waves, which allows them to cause more sustained shaking.

They are also more complex than body waves, which can cause them to interact with the Earth's surface in unpredictable ways that can lead to more intense shaking.

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Yes, the Southern Hemisphere does experience hotter summers and colder winters. This is because of the way the Earth's orbit around the Sun is tilted relative to its axis of rotation. The Earth's perihelion, or point of closest approach to the Sun, is in January for the Northern Hemisphere, while it is in July for the Southern Hemisphere.

This means that the Northern Hemisphere gets less direct sunlight during winter, causing colder temperatures, while the Southern Hemisphere gets more direct sunlight during summer, leading to hotter temperatures.

The Earth's axial tilt, or obliquity, is responsible for the Earth's seasons. During winter, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, and during summer it is tilted towards the Sun. Conversely, the Southern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun during summer, and towards the Sun during winter. This difference in angle of sunlight causes the Northern Hemisphere to experience colder winters and hotter summers, while the Southern Hemisphere experiences hotter summers and colder winters.

Additionally, the Southern Hemisphere is more exposed to the ozone layer, which absorbs some of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation, leading to slightly higher temperatures. This explains why the temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere are higher than the Northern Hemisphere during the same season.

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At night, a process called radiation cooling causes the air on the mountain slopes to cool more quickly than in the valley below. This creates a temperature inversion, where the air temperature at the top of the mountain is cooler than at the base.  

The temperature inversion also has other effects, such as creating a stable layer of air that traps pollutants near the ground and limits visibility. Additionally, the process helps to distribute moisture more evenly throughout the environment.

This is a vital part of many mountain ecosystems, and an important factor to consider when studying climate patterns and air quality in mountainous areas.

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The oldest oceanic crust is found in the central Pacific Ocean and the youngest oceanic crust is found along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The oldest oceanic crust is about 180 million years old and the youngest oceanic crust is about 3 million years old.

The distribution of magnetic anomalies helps geologists identify the age of the oceanic crust. Magnetic anomalies are created when new oceanic crust is formed due to volcanic activity and tectonic plate movement. The magnetism of the oceanic crust is usually aligned with the Earth's magnetic field when it is first formed. As the Earth's magnetic field reverses, the magnetism of the oceanic crust is "frozen in time" and helps scientists measure the age of the crust.

The oldest oceanic crust is found in the central Pacific Ocean because it has been around the longest and hasn't moved much due to tectonic plate movement. The youngest oceanic crust is found along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge because this is where new oceanic crust is constantly being formed due to tectonic plate movement and volcanic activity.

By studying the distribution of magnetic anomalies, scientists can accurately measure the age of the oceanic crust and identify where the oldest and youngest crust can be found.

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The safest place, among those listed below, in the 48 contiguous states with respect to earthquake seismic risk is South Dakota. Thus, Option D is correct.

This is due to its location in the stable interior of the North American Plate, far away from any active plate boundaries or faults.

South Dakota is located in the stable interior of the North American Plate, which means that it is far away from any active plate boundaries or faults. This location makes South Dakota less likely to experience earthquakes compared to other areas located near plate boundaries or faults.

Although earthquakes can occur anywhere, the risk is lower in South Dakota than in other areas such as California or Alaska. Therefore, South Dakota is considered the safest place among those listed below, in the 48 contiguous states with respect to earthquake seismic risk.

Based on this explanation, the correct answer is D.

The complete question:

Where is the safest place, among those listed below, in the 48 contiguous states with respect to earthquake seismic risk?

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An assemblage is a characteristically distinct collection of a sediment or feature and its corresponding artifacts.

An assemblage is a collection of materials from an archaeological site or a series of sites that were excavated. An assemblage, as a term, refers to a collection of artifacts discovered in a single location or region, such as a settlement or archaeological site. The term "assemblage" refers to the materials used by archaeologists to reconstruct human behaviour and culture from the past. An assemblage is frequently used to learn about the life and activities of a particular culture or civilization at a specific moment in time.

For example, an archaeological excavation may have yielded an assemblage of pottery, tools, and human remains. This assemblage could be utilized to learn about the everyday life, traditions, and culture of the people who lived in the area where the excavation was conducted.

An archaeological assemblage, for example, may be a collection of items discovered at a specific site that may be interpreted as having been produced or utilized by the same group of people. An assemblage is frequently used to determine the nature of a cultural site, its occupation duration, and the range of its cultural features. The dating of these features may help to establish a chronological sequence of cultural activity, which may then be used to investigate social and cultural development.

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The annual cycle of prevailing weather conditions at a given place based on long-term conditions is known as climate.

The term weather is used to refer to short-term conditions such as precipitation, temperature, and wind. The climate of a region is determined by a variety of factors, including latitude, elevation, prevailing winds, and the presence of land and water bodies.

It can be classified into different categories based on temperature, precipitation, and other factors. In general, climate change refers to long-term changes in weather patterns and temperature around the world, while global warming refers specifically to the gradual warming of the planet's surface due to increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Cyclones, on the other hand, are severe tropical storms that can cause significant damage and loss of life. Trends are statistical measurements of changes over time. The correct answer is "climate."

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If we see Venus in its full phase, Earth would appear as a new phase to a hypothetical Venetian. The answer is first quarter.

What is the meaning of the term "full phase"?

The term "full phase" refers to the time when the planet is positioned behind the Sun in the Earth-Sun-planet alignment. This alignment causes the planet to appear fully illuminated from Earth’s point of view because it reflects all of the sunlight that is falling on its surface.

The orbital path of Venus is smaller than that of Earth because it is closer to the Sun. When Venus is on the far side of the Sun (as viewed from Earth), we can see its full illuminated face.

At that moment, the Sun-Earth-Venus angle is 180 degrees, and Venus is on the opposite side of the Sun from the Earth.

Hence, when we see Venus in its full phase, Earth would appear as a new phase to a hypothetical Venetian. The answer is first quarter.

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