Given that all protein bind to certain other molecules, these antifreeze proteins attach to tiny ice crystals via their sheets to stop them from growing. The cell can avoid rupturing if ice crystal formation and expansion are prevented.
What is an antifreeze proteins?Different organisms produce antifreeze proteins (AFPs), which are particular proteins, glycopeptides, and peptides that enable cells to endure subzero temperatures. AFPs work by lowering the freezing point of water and preventing the formation of ice crystals during the frozen stage.
Where are proteins for antifreeze produced?Insects produce the most potent antifreeze proteins, which reduce the freezing point by roughly 6 degrees. Even antifreeze proteins from plants and microorganisms, which have less of an impact on freezing point, are helpful in another context.
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When scientists were trying to determine the molecule that can transform non-virulent bacteria into virulent bacteria, they found that a cell extract treated with rnase could still transform the cells. Why was this?.
Answer:
This question seems to be a little confusing but we can say.
Explanation:
Only the RNas-treated extracts using heat-killed cells are incapable of turning nonvirulent bacteria towards virulent ones.
Scientists conducted an experiment to discover Griffith's "transforming principle," which describes how transformation is indeed a method of recombining, transmitting, or even transferring genetic information across organisms either from one species to the next. They did this by using heat-inactivated cells & purifying their transforming factor.
As in experiments conducted by the scientists, the pure cells did not provide favorable outcomes, but they did show transformants that were quite close to DNA. A scientist Avery, meanwhile, had his doubts that the outcome must be revised because the molecule did not contain DNA. This happens due to the transforming principle being unaffected by RNA degrading enzymes, whereas the only one cell extracts that can prevent the transformation of non-virulent bacteria onto virulent bacteria are those that have been treated with RNas.
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Consider the effect of adding potassium or chloride channels to the membrane in (b). How would the membrane potential be affected in each case?
Potassium or chloride channels to the membrane in the resting membrane potential became less negative.
The passage of ions into and out of the cell and across the membrane is related to the way that impulses are conveyed along nerve cells, which are also referred to as neurons.
All ions are electrically charged, either negatively or positively. A potential is actually just a charge differential. As a result, the membrane potential is a voltage-based measurement of the differential in charge across the nerve cell membrane.
When the nerve cell is at rest and not transmitting an impulse, this charge differential is known as the resting membrane potential.
A nerve impulse is communicated via the passage of ions into the cell. Since a nerve impulse involves a change in charge brought on by the passage of charged ions into and out of a cell across a membrane, it is also referred to as a nerve action potential.
The resting membrane potential will become less negative as the number of potassium ions presents extracellularly rises.
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In words, describe how the data differ between the unlimited water and no-water conditions for the following:
(d) Urea concentration in blood
When there is limitless water availability compared to no water scenario, the urea concentration in blood is lower.
What is Homeostasis?Biology's definition of homeostasis is the capacity or propensity of a body or cell to seek for and maintain an equilibrium state, or a stable internal environment, while adjusting to changes in the environment. In order to maintain a constant internal environment, it uses feedback controls and other regulatory processes. It can be seen as a live organism's ability to maintain itself within the ideal range despite changing external factors.
Describe the differences in the data for the following between the situations of unlimited water and no water in words about blood urea concentration?Homeostasis refers to the body's capacity to maintain general functionality by fending off changes that cause a reaction and restore the system to a steady, ongoing state of optimal functioning.
Controlling body temperature, maintaining proper blood pressure, and regulating water levels are a few instances of homeostasis.
When there is infinite water available, the blood's urea concentration is lower; when there is no water available, it is higher.
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How is dopamine activity related to schizophrenia, drug addiction, and Parkinson's disease?
The higher risk could be brought on by schizophrenia's neurobiological impacts or changes in the brain's dopamine system brought on by drugs that block dopamine receptors.
What is impact of drug on dopamine?Drugs provide tremendous euphoria and considerably greater dopamine surges, which strongly reinforce the relationship between using the drug, experiencing pleasure, all the and all the associated environmental signals.
Parkinson's disease is more likely to develop later in life in those with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder.
Therefore, dopamine activity related to schizophrenia, drug addiction, and Parkinson's disease.
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Use the drop-down menus to complete the statements.
Animal-like protists are like animals because they are
.
Plant-like protists are like plants because they are
.
Fungus-like protists are like fungus because they are
.
Fungus-like protists are like fungus because they reproduce using
.
Eukaryotic cells are those that have a true nucleus. In these cells, the genetic material is surrounded by a nuclear membrane, also called the caryotheca, ensuring the protection of the DNA against the movements of the cell's cytoskeleton.
With this information, we can conclude that Eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and are present in protozoa, fungi, animals and plants. Eukaryotic cells are those that have a nucleus enclosed by a nuclear envelope.
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What is the population growth rate from 1850 to 1970?
Which of the following is not found in cytoplasm?
water
carbohydrates
salt
vitamins
Carbohydrates are not found in cytoplasm.
does temperature affect the number of drops needed for surface tension on a penny.
A characteristic of liquids is surface tension. Surface tension refers to a liquid's limited capacity to resist an external force.
Even though they may be much denser than the liquid, we see items float on liquids and insects walk on lakes' surfaces due to surface tension. Van der Waal forces produce surface tension. Van der Waal forces are referred to as inter-molecular forces because they exist between the molecules of a single substance, such as water.
With an increase in temperature, the surface tension falls. The critical temperature of the liquid is the temperature at which the surface tension of the liquid is zero.
Key factors affecting Surface tension:
Temperature ↑ surface tension ↓Critical temperature Surface tension: ZeroThe critical temperature of the water is 3744KIncrease with impurity.Learn more about Surface Tension here:
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Based on MacArthur and Wilson's island equilibrium model, how would you expect the richness of birds on islands to compare with the richness of snakes and lizards? Explain.
Based on MacArthur and Wilson's island equilibrium model, birds have higher richness due to higher mobility capabilities.
What is MacArthur and Wilson's island equilibrium model?MacArthur and Wilson's island equilibrium model indicates that species having greater mobility reach more niches by dispersion and therefore they have higher richness.
In conclusion, based on MacArthur and Wilson's island equilibrium model, birds have higher richness due to higher mobility capabilities.
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Telomerase activity is most likely to be found in which cells in humans? red blood cells muscle cells neurons germ line any type of somatic cell
Telomerase activity is most likely to be found in which cells in humans in germ cells.
In humans, telomerase activity refers to the life stages of a man's body.
The role of telomerase is really crucial in humans as it plays a key role in the growth of tumors and the immortalization of cells.
During the development phase, the activity is highly regulated and controlled.
Moreover, it also provides stability to the genome cells in highly immortal and tumor cells by maintaining the uprightness of the chromosomes.
It also plays a very critical role in aging and cell fate.
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recall from the video the steps of how to make a wet mount of cheek epithelial cells. place the steps of how to prepare a wet mount in the correct order from left to right.
Epithelial cells are the cells that cover the inside and outside of your body's surfaces. They can be located on your skin, blood vessels, and organs such as your urinary tract.
What does it mean if my epithelial cells are high?If urinalysis findings show a moderate or high number of epithelial cells, it may indicate the following medical conditions: Kidney illness Liver disease Yeast infections Urinary tract infections Certain kinds of cancer.
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organisms that consume only plants are any/all of the following: group of answer choices first order heterotroph secondary consumer primary consumer second order heterotroph producer herbivore
First-order heterotrophs, primary consumers, and herbivores are the organisms that consume only plants.
The trophic level is a hierarchical position in a food chain or food web of an ecosystem. The organisms at a trophic level share similar feeding habits. There are generally three trophic levels:
1. First trophic level
This level comprises the primary producers or the green plants. They perform photosynthesis and use carbon dioxide and water for the synthesis of their food.
2. Second trophic level
The organisms of this level feed upon the organisms of the first trophic level. This means that they feed upon plants. These include primary consumers, herbivores, and first-order heterotrophs.
3. Third trophic level
The organisms of the third trophic level feed upon the organisms of the second trophic level. These include secondary consumers and second-order heterotrophs.
A heterotroph is an organism that does not prepare its food itself but is dependent on the other organism. First-order heterotrophs are thus primary consumers or herbivores that consume only plants.
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Choose all that apply below to RNA:
double helix
single strand helix
contains thymine
contains uracil
contains adenine
contains cytosine
contains guanine
contains the original code to make proteins
takes the original code out of the nucleus and translate it into proteins
Answer:
RNA is a single strand helix and contain adenine uracil cytosine and guanine.RNA takes the original code from DNA and translate this code into proteins
the role of Ca²⁺ in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber and a smooth muscle cell.
Ca2+ is essential for the excitation-contraction coupling process in skeletal muscle fibres, which produces the action potential of the muscle fibre, as well as numerous other processes, including fibre type switching, myosin-actin cross-linking, protein synthesis, protein degradation, mitochondrial adaptations, plasticity, and respiration.
What is Skeletal and smooth muscles ?Your whole body weight is made up of 30 to 40 percent skeletal muscles. They are the muscles that attach to your bones and give you the range of motion and abilities. Since skeletal muscles are voluntary, you have control over when and how they contract.
The body contains smooth muscle, which performs a number of different tasks. It aids in digestion and nutrient absorption in the stomach and intestines. It is present throughout the urinary system, where it aids in maintaining electrolyte balance and detoxifying the body of pollutants.Learn more about Skeletal muscles here:
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In some spider species, the female eats the male immediately after copulation. How might you explain this behavior from an evolutionary perspective?
In some spider species, the female eats the male immediately after copulation. either for sustenance or to keep their reproductive options open.
What female spider eats the male after mating?Mating is a notoriously deadly activity for male widow spiders. The big females in these species, including the black widow and redback, will frequently devour the tiny males during mating, hence the "widow" in their names. In rare circumstances, the female captures the male while he is attempting to flee.
Why do baby spiders eat their mother?Consuming the mother provides nutrition that is essential for growth and development. Spiderlings' body mass and opisthosoma length increase following matriphagy compared to previously (opisthosoma In spiders, the abdomen is the rear section of the body.
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How does the change in ACTH levels between 1:00 and 6:00 a.m. for the surprise protocol compare to that for the short and long protocols? Does this result support the hypothesis being tested? Explain.
The change in ACTH levels between 1:00 am and 6:00 am during the surprise protocol was comparable to the long protocols when compared to the short and long procedures.
The change in ACTH levels post-waking was assessed using samples collected at awakening and 30 minutes later. 15 healthy people in their mid-20s were observed by researchers over the course of three nights.
Every participant was informed whether they would be awakened at 6:00 or 9:00 am each morning. The participants went to bed at midnight. Both the "short" and "long" protocol groups were awakened simultaneously.
Humans produce more adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) during the late stages of normal sleep, with the peak production occurring just before spontaneous awakening.
In response to stressful circumstances, the human body releases the hormone ACTH.
Based on the findings of the experiment, the long procedure for waking up was projected at 9 am, and the actual awakening time was 9 am. In a nutshell, the short protocol called for getting up at 6 am, and that's exactly when people actually woke up.
Therefore, nothing was altered. However, at 6:00 am, those involved in the surprise routine were awakened. At 9:00 am, they anticipated being startled and subjected to protracted processes.
The results suggest that ACTH secretion occurs before to actual awakening rather than at the time of expected waking.
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To document that a species has actually become extinct, what factors would you need to consider?
Recognize the complete variety of the species and that it's far missing across all of that variety. we would additionally want to be positive that the species has actually become extinct, and is not hidden, as might be the case for an animal this is hibernating underground or a plant this is present in the shape of seeds or spores.
Most of the main reasons for extinction are brought about directly or in a roundabout way by humans. human beings negatively affect the environment by controlling and artificially causing fires, transferring agriculture cultivation with unsustainable strategies, grazing through domesticated animals, overkilling species, and so on.
As species cross extinct, taken out of the meals chain. Animals that ate the newly-extinct species ought to find new food assets or starve. this will damage the populations of other vegetation or animals. moreover, if a predator goes has actually become extinct, its prey's populace can proliferate, unbalancing nearby ecosystems.
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digestion of energy nutrients requires specific enzymes for each molecule. which of the following enzymes is incorrectly matched with its corresponding molecule?
The enzyme that is responsible for the digestion of sucrose will be sucrase.
What is sucrose?Sucrose is a disaccharide that will be formed by glucose and fructose (which are monosaccharides), which will be known as table sugar, white sugar. It is a natural sweetener that is used to sweeten foods.
In digestion, in order to be absorbed by the intestinal cells, it must be broken down into the momsaccharides that are going to make it up, glucose and fructose. This action will take place thanks to the enzyme sucrase, which is what catalyzes this reaction. These enzymes are found in the membrane of the microvilli of the cells of the duodenum, allowing it to enter the bloodstream in the form of glucose and fructose.
Therefore, we can confirm that the enzyme that is responsible for the digestion of sucrose will be sucrase.
Digestion of energy nutrients requires specific enzymes for each molecule. Which is the following is incorrectly matched with its corresponding molecule?
A. Fats-lipase
B. Sucrose-maltase
C. Starch-amylase
D. Lactose-lactase
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the hypothalamic sensors are responsive to changes in blood , whereas the arterial baroreceptors and juxtaglomerular apparatuses are responsive to changes in blood .
The hypothalamic sensors are responsive to changes in blood osmolality, whereas the arterial baroreceptors and juxtaglomerular apparatuses are responsive to changes in blood volume.
What does the hypothalamus control?Your body temperature, hunger, thirst, mood, sex desire, blood pressure, and sleep are all controlled by the hypothalamus.What are the hypothalamus's seven functions?Despite being quite small, the hypothalamus is essential for numerous vital processes, including the release of hormones.keeping physiologic cycles daily.regulating appetite.control over sexual conduct.regulating bodily temperature and emotional reactions.What controls the body's energy?Several physiological signals that provide information about energy balance are integrated by the human brain, in particular the hypothalamus, to regulate energy homeostasis and produce the sensation of hunger.To learn more about hypothalamus visit:
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Charles darwin argued that ________ determines which species wins the competition for scarce resources.
Darwin argued survival of the fittest determine which species wins the competition for scarce resources.
What is Darwin's theory based on?More individual are produced each generation that can survive . Phenotypic variation exists among individuals and the variation is heritable. Those individuals with heritable traits better suited to the environment will survive.
Charles darwin proposed that species can change over time , that new species come from pre existing species, and that all species share common ancestor.
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Where would you expect a polypeptide region rich in the amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine to be located in a folded polypeptide? Explain.
I expect to find valine, leucine, and isoleucine in the interior of the folded polypeptide because they are hydrophobic and cannot interact with water.
How are amino acids arranged in a protein?The amino acids are arranged in a protein in order that hydrophobic regions may interact together inside the hydrophobic core of the protein, while polar residues may form stable bonds with water molecules.
In consequence, the polar amino acids are arranged to be present on the surface of the protein in order to interact with H2O molecules and thus form stable 3D quaternary protein structures.
In conclusion, I would expect to find a region rich in valine, leucine, and isoleucine in the interior (inside) of the folded polypeptide because they are hydrophobic and cannot interact with water.
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY Extensive irrigation in arid regions causes salts to accumulate in the soil. (When water evaporates, salts that were dissolved in the water are left behind in the soil.) Based on what you learned about water balance in plant cells, explain why increased soil salinity (saltiness) might be harmful to crops.
Water leaves the plant cells and they become flaccid.
What happens when salt enters into the cells?We know that osmosis refers to the movement of solvent from the region where the solvent molecules are at lower concentration, the the region where the solvent molecules are at higher concentration across a semipermeable membrane.
Now, the cells have water in them. When salt gets into the cell, the salt becomes more concentrated (hypertonic) than the cell. This would make water to leave the cell and get into the incoming salt water.
As such, as water leaves the plant cells, the plant cells would become flaccid.
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Why is a temperature of 106 dangerous?
Answer:
Hyperpyrexia, or fever of 106°F or higher, is a medical emergency. If the fever is not lowered, organ damage and death can result.
Explanation:
Answer: A fever of 106°F or higher, is very dangerous because if it is not lowered, organ damage and death can result.
Explanation:
What is the characteristic of phospholipids that allows them to form double-layered membranes spontaneously?
The characteristic of phospholipids that allows them to form double-layered membranes spontaneously is due to hydrophobic nature provided by the fatty acids and hydrophilic nature provided by the phosphate heads.
the phospholipids present in the cell membrane consist of glycerol backbone which is esterified to fatty acids, a phosphate group and a hydrophilic residue.
Whenever the phosopholipids comes in contact of aquatic environment the the phosphate group that is hydrophilic will come into contact with the water molecules while the hydrophobic part which consist of fatty acids come towards each other.
Hence they align in two layers with hydrophilic phosphate pointing outside and hydrophobic fatty tail pointing inside.
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If you made Jupiter the size of a marble, how would that change the size of the Earth? Sun?
Answer:
It would change the size of both the planets and make them smaller
Explanation:
If you make Jupiter's size into a marble, then you would have to make both of the planets smaller size as well. It would change the size of the sun by a lot, but it would still have to be bigger than Jupiter. The earth is different tho since it's way smaller than Jupiter in its normal size. So the earth would be super smaller than marble.
If you were to scale down Jupiter to the size of a marble, it would have a diameter of roughly 1.39 centimeters (or about 0.55 inches).
What are the planets?The relative diameters of the Earth and the Sun do not alter appreciably, even when Jupiter's size is drastically shrunk to that of a tiny pebble.
The enormous scale disparity between the celestial bodies in our solar system is highlighted by the Sun, which is still considerably larger than both Earth and the marble-sized Jupiter as shown
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Suppose a gastrovascular cavity were open at two ends, with fluid entering one end and leaving the other. How would this affect the cavity's functions in gas exchange and digestion?
Although a continuous, one-way flow of fluid may increase gas exchange, there would likely be insufficient time for food digestion and nutrient absorption if fluid ran through the cavity in this manner.
What exactly is a gastrovascular cavity and what do they do?Primal animal phyla have a feature called the gastrovascular cavity. Both food digestion and the distribution of nutrients throughout the body are its responsibilities. There is only one environmental entrance in the hollow. It is a two-way digestive tract since food enters via the same hole as waste is expelled.
A system of canals may be significantly branching out of the cavity. Since food enters and waste departs through the same orifice, the gastrovascular system in cnidarians is also known as the coelenteron and is sometimes referred to as a "blind gut" or "blind sac."
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Diisopropylfluorophosphate (difp, another name for diisopropylphosphofluoridate, dipf) inactivates chymotrypsin by covalently modifying serine-195. this occurs because?
Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DIFP, another name for diisopropylphosphofluoridate, DIPF) inactivates chymotrypsin by covalently modifying serine-195. This occurs because: serine-195 is in an environment which gives it a higher than normal reactivity with respect to DIPF.
DIPF is a colorless liquid with oil like texture that is widely used as a drug. It is used as a miotic agent to treat diseases like chronic glaucoma and in neuroscience. It has anti-cholinesterase activity. Besides, the chemical is also used in formation of pesticides.
Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme released from the pancreas. It acts in the duodenum of the small intestine. The enzyme is proteolytic, involved in the breakdown of proteins.
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Compare the composition, structure, and function of starch and cellulose. What role do starch and cellulose play in the human body?
2013 flores reanimation of elbow extension with medial pectoral nerve transfer in partial injuries to the brachial plexus.pdf
Recent advances in surgical treatment of the brachial plexus have allowed for more extensive repairs, and elbow extension now ranks among the desirable functions to be restored. The purpose of this study is to describe the authors' experience using the medial thoracic nerve to reinnervate the triceps brachii muscle in patients with C5-7 brachial plexus palsy.
METHODS: This is a retrospective study of the outcome of restoration of elbow extension in her 12 patients who underwent transplantation from the medial pectoral muscle to the radial nerve or the long head of the triceps brachii muscle.
RESULTS: The radial nerve was directed to the long head of the triceps brachii in 3 of her patients and the branch in 9 of her patients. The graft was used in 6 of her patients. Results were rated M4 and M3 for elbow extension by the Medical Research Council in 7 (58%) and 5 (42%) patients, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: In individuals with C5-7 nerve root injuries, the medial thoracic nerve is a dependable donor to recover elbow extension.
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Define close circuit.
Answer:
closed circuit. noun. a complete electrical circuit through which current can flow when a voltage is appliedCompare open circuit.Answer:
A close circuit is a circuit that lets current go through it without stopping.
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