Pls help I want the answer before 23-3
Phytoplankton are many species of microscopic photosynthetic organisms that form the base of food chains in almost all aquatic ecosystems. Such aquatic ecosystems are vulnerable to the effects of increased water temperatures caused by climate change. Scientists studied the effect of increased temperatures on phytoplankton growth and diversity. The scientists placed a sample of water containing phytoplankton and zooplankton, which are predators of phytoplankton, from a local pond into each of 16 outdoor tanks. All of the tanks were maintained outdoors for the following five years. A group of 8 of these tanks, called the heated group, was continuously heated to 5°C above the outdoor temperature. The remaining 8 tanks, called the ambient group, experienced the unmodified outdoor temperature. At the end of the five-year period, the scientists found that the total number of phytoplankton was similar in both groups. They also counted the total number of species and average body mass of phytoplankton in each group. These results are shown in the graphs below. Data adapted from Yvon-Durocher et al, PLoS Biology, 2015. Used under CC BY 4.0. The scientists identified the two most abundant phytoplankton genera, which are groups of closely related species, in both groups. They also calculated the proportion of total phytoplankton that were too large to be eaten by zooplankton and the total rate of oxygen production in each group. These results are shown in the table below. Effect of Increased Temperature on Phytoplankton Species Group Most Abundant Phytoplankton Genera Characteristics of Most Abundant Phytoplankton Genera Percent of all Phytoplankton Inedible to Zooplankton Oxygen Produced by Group (grams per year) Heated Anabaena, Spirogyra large, colony-forming 20.4% 0.35 Ambient Chlamydomonas, Chlorella small, single-celled 7.7% 0.15 Data adapted from Yvon-Durocher et al, PLoS Biology, 2015. Used under CC BY 4.0. According to the information in the graphs and the table, how was species diversity in the aquatic eco

True as the Calcitonin is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when calcium levels in the blood are too low.

Calcitonin stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the bloodstream, increasing calcium levels in the blood.

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue and releasing its calcium into the bloodstream.

Without adequate calcium in the diet, calcitonin is secreted in response to the low calcium levels, which stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone, releasing the stored calcium into the bloodstream and restoring calcium balance in the body.

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Ingestion of mushrooms found growing in his garden, a man develops symptoms of oliguria, lethargy, and edema. many renal tubular epithelial (rte) cells are observed in his urinalysis. This is a case of: Mycetism.

Mycetism is the poisoning that occurs when toxic substances from certain mushrooms are ingested. Symptoms of mycetism may include oliguria (decreased urination), lethargy (extreme tiredness), and edema (swelling due to fluid buildup).

Urinalysis may reveal an increased number of renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cells, which are cells that line the inside of the kidney tubules. Treatment may involve supportive care, gastric lavage (stomach pumping), and/or antifungal drugs. It is important to recognize and avoid toxic mushrooms in the future to avoid this type of poisoning.

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If pure water and a solution containing a nonpenetrating solute are separated by a membrane that is permeable only to water, osmosis will occur.

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a membrane in order to equalize the solute concentration on either side. As the solute molecules are unable to pass through the membrane, only the water molecules are allowed to pass. This results in the transfer of water molecules from the pure water to the solution containing a nonpenetrating solute, thus increasing the solute concentration on the pure water side and decreasing the concentration on the other side. In the end, equilibrium is achieved and the water molecules will stop moving.

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Most plant diseases caused by soilborne pathogens have disease cycles that are monocyclic. The correct option is d.

Monocyclic disease cycles occur when a pathogen infects a plant once and only once in a growing season, resulting in a single cycle of disease. A monocyclic disease cycle involves the following steps:

1. A pathogen enters a host plant and develops, resulting in an infection.

2. The disease progresses to the point where the pathogen generates new inoculum.

3. The pathogen's inoculum is released and spreads to new host plants.

4. The disease-causing pathogen perishes when the growing season ends.

Monocyclic disease cycles are simple, with just one pathogen cycle occurring in a growing season. Polycyclic disease cycles, on the other hand, are much more complex, with several pathogen cycles occurring in a single growing season.

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Answer:

break down proteins into individual amino acids

Explanation:

Type III hypersensitivity is caused by soluble antigen-antibody complexes that avoid being phagocytized by macrophages. This statement is true.

Type III hypersensitivity occurs when a large amount of antigen enters the body and combines with an antibody, forming an insoluble complex. These are difficult to eliminate, and they begin to settle in the tissues, particularly those with a low blood supply and a high concentration of protein. They elicit an inflammatory response and, as a result, the release of proteases, hydrolases, and complement factors is increased.These immune complexes can become stuck in blood vessels or other organs, resulting in symptoms such as joint pain, fever, and rash. These symptoms usually manifest in the tissues where the complexes are deposited.

The causative agents of Type III hypersensitivity are usually proteins, such as serum proteins or microbial proteins, that combine with specific antibodies to form circulating immune complexes. If the immune complexes become deposited in the blood vessels, they can result in vasculitis, inflammation, and subsequent tissue damage. Type III hypersensitivity is responsible for diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and serum sickness.

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Chlamydomonas is unicellular and uses chlorophyll a and b for photosynthesis. Based on these characteristics, Chlamydomonas is classified as a green alga.

Chlamydomonas is a genus of green algae consisting of about 150 species of unicellular flagellates, found in stagnant water and on damp soil, in freshwater, seawater, and even in snow as "snow algae".

Chlamydomonas is used as a model organism for molecular biology, especially studies of flagellar motility and chloroplast dynamics, biogenesis, and genetics.

They are eukaryotic and contain chloroplasts, which are used to photosynthesize.

They have a size of 10 to 100 micrometers, and they use two flagella to swim around.

They can reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they are frequently used in the lab as a model organism for research.

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These are environments found in water, either freshwater or marine. Examples include lakes, rivers, estuaries, and coral reefs.

What kind of environment found in water?

As I cannot view the specific textbook or table you are using, I will provide general information about the similarities and differences between land biomes and aquatic ecosystems. Please refer to your textbook and adjust the information accordingly.

Land biomes: These are large regions defined by their climate, vegetation, and animal life. Some examples include forests, grasslands, and deserts.

Similarities: Land biomes share features such as soil type, precipitation levels, and temperature ranges. They also contain diverse plant and animal life adapted to the specific conditions.
- Differences: Land biomes differ in climate, vegetation, and animal life. For example, forests are characterized by a high density of trees, while grasslands have predominantly grasses and deserts have little vegetation.

Aquatic ecosystems: These are environments found in water, either freshwater or marine. Examples include lakes, rivers, estuaries, and coral reefs.

Similarities: Aquatic ecosystems share features such as water depth, salinity, and temperature. They also contain diverse aquatic plants and animal life adapted to the specific conditions.

Differences: Aquatic ecosystems differ in the type of water (freshwater or marine), water movement, and available sunlight. For example, lakes are still bodies of freshwater, while rivers have flowing freshwater. Estuaries are where freshwater meets marine water, and coral reefs are marine ecosystems with high biodiversity.

To record your work in the table, you can list each biome and aquatic ecosystem, then note their similarities and differences based on the features mentioned above. Please refer to your textbook for specific examples and more detailed information.

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The two plant systems that are interacting in the given scenario are the phloem and the process of photosynthesis.

Phloem is the complex tissue that carries the food produced during photosynthesis from the leaves of the plants to other parts of the plant including roots, stems, and fruits. The phloem is made up of various types of specialized cells that are arranged in a specific manner to form structures called phloem tubes.

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen. It occurs mainly in the chloroplasts of the plant's leaves where pigments, such as chlorophyll, are present.

The two plant systems that interact with each other in the given scenario are phloem and photosynthesis. This is because photosynthesis produces food (glucose) which is carried from the leaves to other parts of the plant through the phloem tubes. Hence, the two plant systems are interacting with each other in this scenario.

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Its primary function is to recover energy from carbohydrate that has not been digested in the upper gut. This is accomplished through the fermentation and absorption of the major products, short chain fatty acids , which account for 40-50% of the carbohydrate's available energy.

Fermentation is the process by which sugars are converted into energy for living cells. Furthermore, because it uses an anaerobic pathway, this energy is obtained without the use of O2. As a result, it represents an alternative method of obtaining energy. The fermentation type is defined by fermenting microorganisms and their byproducts.

Fatty acids are the building blocks of fat in our bodies and our food. During digestion, the body converts fats into fatty acids, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream. Fatty acid molecules are typically joined in groups of three to form a molecule known as a triglyceride.

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If a gardener wants to grow a lemon tree from a lemon, the first thing he should do is to remove the seeds from the lemon to germinate.

A gardener who wants to grow a lemon tree from a lemon should follow a series of steps. These steps are as follows:

Step 1: Remove the seeds from the lemon. The seeds should be washed and cleaned with water. The gardener should be careful not to damage the seeds.

Step 2: Prepare the soil. The soil should be well-draining, rich in nutrients, and have a pH of 5.5 to 6.5. The gardener can mix sand, perlite, and vermiculite to the soil to increase its drainage.

Step 3: Plant the seeds. The gardener should plant the seeds about 1 inch deep into the soil. The soil should be moist but not waterlogged.

Step 4: Cover the pot with a plastic bag or a plastic wrap to create a greenhouse effect.

Step 5: Place the pot in a warm and sunny location. The temperature should be around 70 degrees Fahrenheit.

Step 6: Water the soil regularly. The soil should be kept moist but not waterlogged.

Step 7: Wait for the seeds to germinate. It may take a few weeks to a few months for the seeds to germinate.

Step 8: Once the seedlings have grown big enough, they can be transplanted into a bigger pot. The plant should be kept in a warm and sunny location. The soil should be kept moist but not waterlogged.

Step 9: The lemon tree should be fertilized with a citrus fertilizer every two weeks during the growing season.

Step 10: The lemon tree should be pruned regularly to remove dead, damaged, or diseased branches.

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The statement that best describes the groups of organisms that may have been separated for millions of years that may be brought together in new combinations primarily by: Hybridization and genetic recombination.

Groups of organisms that have been separated for millions of years may be brought together in new combinations primarily by hybridization and genetic recombination. Hybridization refers to the creation of a new species by crossing two different species. Genetic recombination refers to the reshuffling of genes in the offspring of two parents, resulting in new genetic combinations.

In hybridization, two species from the same genus or from different genera are cross-bred to produce a hybrid. Hybridization is a powerful evolutionary mechanism that can lead to the creation of new species or the modification of existing ones. In genetic recombination, the offspring of two parents inherit a mixture of genetic traits from each parent. This can result in new combinations of genes that may lead to new traits or characteristics in the offspring. Genetic recombination is a natural process that occurs during sexual reproduction and is responsible for the creation of genetic diversity in a population.

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Toxicologists sometimes have to work with relatively small sample numbers, which is one of the main difficulties they encounter. This highlights the significance of doing all tests with the utmost care and using sensitive equipment.

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Hearing, Balance and equilibrium: The ear is also very important for keeping your balance and equilibrium, which is important for your posture, movement, and sense of where you are in space.

Pressure regulation: The Eustachian tube, which connects the middle ear to the back of the throat, is opened and closed by the ear. This helps keep the pressure in the middle ear at the right level.

Protection: Hair and wax line the ear canal, which helps keep dust, dirt, and other foreign particles from getting into the ear's delicate structures.

Temperature regulation: When the temperature outside changes, the ear responds by widening or narrowing the blood vessels in the ear.

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The parasite that hangs out in warm, fresh water and enters through sinuses to cause encephalitis with almost 100% death rate is Naegleria fowleri, also known as the "brain-eating amoeba".

Naegleria fowleri is a single-celled organism found in warm, fresh water, like lakes and rivers. The parasite enters the body through the nose, where it travels to the brain, causing an infection called primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). The infection destroys brain tissue and causes swelling of the brain, leading to death in almost all cases.

Naegleria fowleri is the most deadly form of encephalitis and is usually fatal within a few days or weeks of infection. Symptoms of infection include headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, and seizures. The parasite is very difficult to detect and diagnose due to the short window of time between initial infection and death.

The best way to avoid infection is to avoid swimming in warm, fresh water, or to use a face mask or nose plug when swimming. Boiling water before swimming may also reduce the risk of infection. Treatment of infection is also difficult, as antibiotics are not effective against the parasite, and most cases are fatal.

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The specific receptor site on the host cell that the virus needs to attach and infect is the cell surface receptor.

A cell surface receptor is a protein that spans the plasma membrane of a cell and acts as a signal transducer that recognizes extracellular molecules and stimulates an intracellular response.

This response could involve changing the membrane potential or an intracellular signaling pathway. The virus's attachment to a host cell is dependent on the presence of specific host cell receptors. The virus uses these receptors to enter host cells and replicate, causing disease.

Many viruses bind to specific proteins on the cell surface of the host, while others bind to glycoproteins or glycolipids. For example, the flu virus binds to sialic acid molecules on the surface of host cells, while the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) binds to the CD4 receptor and the chemokine receptor.

The binding of a virus to a cell surface receptor is often the first step in viral infection. Once the virus binds to the receptor, it triggers a series of events that result in the virus entering the cell and taking over its machinery to replicate itself.

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The correct option is B) A tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain.  

Here, correct option is B.

The A-site (acceptor site) is a region on the ribosome to which the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide chain binds. The ribosome is a complex molecular machine that translates the genetic code on messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. The ribosome has three active sites for the tRNA during translation: The A (aminoacyl), P (peptidyl), and E (exit) sites.

The incoming aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) enters the ribosome's A-site, where it binds to a complementary codon on the mRNA. The ribosome then catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the carboxyl group of the amino acid at the end of the polypeptide chain and the amino group of the incoming amino acid on the aa-tRNA.

Therefore, correct option is B.

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The seed coat of a cycad, ginkgo, and podocarpus plays an important role in the growth and germination of the seed.

The seed coat helps protect the embryo from external factors like disease, parasites, and other environmental threats, as well as providing support and structure for the developing seed.

The seed coat of a cycad contains a protective layer that is designed to prevent dehydration, provide insulation, and keep out harmful microorganisms.

The seed coat of a ginkgo is a thin layer of brownish-black scales that are formed by two layers of cells, the exocarp and the mesocarp.

The podocarpus has a seed coat composed of two layers: an outer layer of cells that protect the embryo and an inner layer of cells that provide structure and support.

The seed coat of a cycad is made up of wax, cuticle, and an outer layer of cells. The wax helps to protect the seed from water loss, while the cuticle helps to reduce the chances of infection and parasite infestation.

The outer layer of cells protects the embryo from harmful environmental factors and acts as a barrier to the entry of other organisms.

The seed coat of a ginkgo contains the sclereids which are thin-walled cells that form a dense layer around the embryo. These cells protect the seed from dehydration, temperature extremes, and external parasites. The podocarpus has a seed coat that helps to protect the embryo from drying out and from external parasites.

In conclusion, the seed coat of a cycad, ginkgo, and podocarpus plays an important role in the growth and germination of the seed.

The seed coat provides a protective layer to prevent dehydration, insulation, and keep out harmful microorganisms, as well as providing support and structure for the developing seed.

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After the peak of the action potential, the positive ions, primarily sodium, are actively pumped out of the cell and potassium ions move in to the cell by diffusion. This restores the membrane to approximately the resting potential and this process is known as repolarization.

During an action potential, there is an influx of sodium ions into the cell, and a corresponding efflux of potassium ions out of the cell.

This influx of positive charge causes the membrane potential to become more positive, while the efflux of negative charge causes the membrane potential to become more negative.

The resulting change in the membrane potential is known as depolarization. When the membrane potential reaches its peak (at +50 mV), the influx of sodium ions stops, and potassium ions begin to move in by diffusion.

This process restores the membrane potential to the resting potential.

The resting potential is maintained by a sodium-potassium pump which actively pumps sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

This active process is coupled with an unequal distribution of the ions on either side of the cell membrane, which allows the ions to diffuse back into the cell. This process, known as repolarization, brings the membrane potential back to the resting potential.

Thus, after the peak of the action potential, the movement of ions restores the membrane to approximately the resting potential. The influx of potassium ions coupled with the sodium-potassium pump restores the membrane potential to its original state.

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The terms chief cells, parietal cells, and enteroendocrine cells refer to specific cell types found in the stomach. These cells are involved in the digestive process of breaking down food.

Parietal cells are found in the lining of the stomach and are responsible for producing hydrochloric acid, which lowers the pH of the stomach and helps to break down food. Parietal cells also produce intrinsic factor, which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12.

Chief cells, also found in the stomach lining, produce and secrete pepsinogen, an inactive enzyme that is converted to the active enzyme pepsin in the presence of hydrochloric acid. Pepsin breaks down proteins into smaller peptides, aiding in the digestive process.

Enteroendocrine cells are scattered throughout the lining of the stomach and small intestine and produce various hormones that regulate digestion and appetite.

Chief cells, parietal cells, and enteroendocrine cells are all involved in the digestive process in the stomach. Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factors, chief cells produce pepsinogen, and enteroendocrine cells produce various hormones that regulate digestion and appetite.

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Both parents, who are heterozygous for both Rh and normal insulin production, would produce offspring with three possible phenotypes: Rh+ normal insulin, Rh- normal insulin, and Rh- deficient insulin.

The probability of producing each phenotype is 1/4 for Rh+ normal insulin, 1/2 for Rh- normal insulin, and 1/4 for Rh- deficient insulin.

Explanation: Rh and normal insulin production are two distinct traits that are inherited independently. Rh is determined by a single gene with two alleles (positive or negative) while insulin production is determined by two genes (insulin-A and insulin-B) with three alleles (normal, A-deficient, and B-deficient).

When both parents are heterozygous for both Rh and insulin, their offspring can have one of three possible phenotypes.

Rh+ normal insulin (1/4 probability), Rh- normal insulin (1/2 probability), and Rh- deficient insulin (1/4 probability). This is because the parent's alleles are randomly combined and then the probability of each allele combination occurring is calculated.

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Plants have developed numerous adaptations to cope with varying levels of water availability in their surroundings. The following are some examples of how plants can increase or decrease water loss and their impact on transpiration.

Some of these adaptations include the following:

1. Leaf area reduction and thickness: Plants can decrease their leaf area and thickness to minimize the amount of water lost during transpiration.

2. Leaf Orientation: Some plants have leaves that are oriented to avoid excessive sunlight, which can cause water loss through transpiration.

3. Stomata density and closure: The number and size of stomata on a plant's leaves may be reduced to decrease water loss. Stomata also close during times of water scarcity to conserve water.

4. Root adaptations: Plants can increase their root length and surface area, which helps them absorb more water from the soil.

5. Waxy Cuticle: A waxy cuticle on the leaf surface of some plants helps to retain water, reducing transpiration loss.

6. CAM Photosynthesis: In CAM plants, photosynthesis occurs at night when the temperature is cooler, allowing the plant to reduce water loss during the day.

In summary, plants have evolved several adaptations to reduce water loss and minimize the impact of transpiration. Leaf area and thickness reduction, leaf orientation, stomatal density and closure, root adaptations, a waxy cuticle, and CAM photosynthesis are among the adaptations that plants can utilize to minimize water loss.

Transpiration is a process by which plants lose water through their leaves as a result of evaporation. Adaptations in plants have evolved to minimize water loss while still maintaining the necessary processes of photosynthesis and respiration.

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Answer:

C) Temperature decreases with altitude.

Explanation:

I passed the k12 test, see the screenshot below please:)

The best option describes why valleys are warmer than mountains is temperature decreases.

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Skin color and UV radiation are related in global patterns because dark skin people are found more at the equator as light intensity is higher than at the pole and this connection provides evidence that skin color evolved through natural selection.

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The given statement "A definitive host is an animal host in which an immature parasite develops and reaches sexual maturity" is true because a definitive host is a host that harbors the adult, sexually mature, phase of the parasite's life cycle.

Definitive hosts are the final host in which a parasite reaches maturity and undergoes sexual reproduction. A definitive host is a host that harbors the adult, sexually mature, phase of the parasite's life cycle. The life cycle of a parasite is incomplete unless it goes through its adult or sexual phase in the definitive host.

A definitive host is usually the host in which the parasite reproduces asexually, and it is the only host that can transmit the infection to other hosts. For example, the human host is the definitive host for the protozoan parasites of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum, which are the causative agents of malaria.

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You would predict to see a mixture of 15n and 14n DNA after 20 minutes in this conservative DNA replication.

This is because conservative DNA replication means that parental strands are kept intact, with only newly synthesized strands containing the new nucleotide. Therefore, after 20 minutes, the 15n and 14n will be present in equal proportions, as both strands of the parent DNA strands were replicated in the new media.

In conservative DNA replication, the parent strands of the DNA remain intact as the newly synthesized strands contain the new nucleotide. This means that after 20 minutes, the parental strands are still present and now the newly synthesized strands are present with the new nucleotide. Therefore, the original 15n and the new 14n will both be present in equal proportions. The new strands are synthesized in a semiconservative fashion, meaning the parental strands are conserved and the newly synthesized strands contain the new nucleotide. Therefore, after 20 minutes, the mixture of 15n and 14n will be present in equal proportions.

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The local climate is a key determinant of the last stage of a pond's succession.

The ecosystem reaches a point of ecological stability within the plant community during the last stage of ecological succession as the plants develop and become established throughout time. The diversity of plant species have attained their maximal capacity for growth at this stage of stability. The culmination stage marks the end of the aquatic succession. If there are no disturbances like wildfires or storms, the vegetation is in harmony with the environment during this stage. Wind, fire, natural catastrophes, erosion, and other climatic conditions are only a few. Activities of other creatures are included in the biotic factors. Several early ecologists believed that what a community always experiences the same succession of phases.

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Light-dependent reactions, also known as the light reactions, are fueled by the energy from the sun.

These reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms, such as plants, algae, and some bacteria. During these reactions, light energy is absorbed by pigments, such as chlorophyll, and is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. This energy is then used to fuel the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, which involve the conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds. ATP created from glycolysis and reflection of light from surrounding plants are not directly involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis since they do not provide the necessary energy to fuel the process.

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A homozygous deletion, or homozygous gene deletion, occurs when one duplicate of a gene is deleted due to deletion and the surviving recessive allele is produced.

In this case, a person has lost one duplicate of a gene due to deletion, and the surviving copy of the gene is recessive, which means it is only expressed when both versions of the gene are the same. (i.e., homozygous). As a consequence, the person will exhibit the characteristic linked to the recessive gene.

When a deleted gene is required for proper bodily growth or function, homozygous deletions can result in genetic diseases.

Individuals with cystic fibrosis, for example, have a homozygous deletion in the CFTR gene, which results in the creation of a faulty protein that interferes with the operation of the lungs, liver, and other systems.

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A pure diamond is made up of only carbon atoms while diamonds that contain other elements are not solely made up of  carbon atoms.

In a pure diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms in a tetrahedral shape. Due to the tetrahedral shape of the arrangement, a pure diamond is one of the hardest materials known to humankind.

Furthermore, this structure gives diamond its transparent quality as well as its high refractive index. It has been said that diamond is the hardest substance on earth.

Diamonds that contain other elements, on the other hand, are diamonds that are not made up solely of carbon atoms. They may include a variety of other elements, such as nitrogen, boron, and sulfur. The presence of these other elements can affect the diamond's hue and clarity.

For instance, the presence of nitrogen in a diamond can produce a yellow or brown hue in the diamond. Sulfur, on the other hand, can produce a blue or green hue. These diamonds are also not as hard as pure diamond.

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