The vapor pressure above the solution is 80.7 torr.
To calculate the vapor pressure above the solution, we can use Raoult's law, which states that the vapor pressure of a solution is equal to the mole fraction of each component multiplied by its vapor pressure in pure state.
Assuming that methanol and ethanol behave ideally and have vapor pressures of 96.0 and 44.9 torr at their pure states, respectively, we can calculate the total vapor pressure above the solution as follows:
Calculate the total number of moles of solute (methanol and ethanol) in the solution:
4.54 mol methanol + 1.95 mol ethanol = 6.49 mol solute
Calculate mole fraction of each component in solution:
Mole fraction of methanol = 4.54 mol / 6.49 mol = 0.700
Mole fraction of ethanol = 1.95 mol / 6.49 mol = 0.300
Use Raoult's law to calculate the vapor pressure above the solution:
Vapor pressure above solution = (mole fraction of methanol x vapor pressure of methanol) + (mole fraction of ethanol x vapor pressure of ethanol)
Vapor pressure above solution = (0.700 x 96.0 torr) + (0.300 x 44.9 torr)
Vapor pressure above solution = 67.2 torr + 13.5 torr
Vapor pressure above solution = 80.7 torr
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ethyl benzene is treated with (i) br2 and febr3 and (ii) br2 and light or heat separately. do you think the products will be same? justify your answer.
No, the products obtained from the reaction of ethylbenzene with [tex]Br_2[/tex] and [tex]FeBr_3[/tex] in the presence of light or heat will be different from the products obtained from the reaction of ethylbenzene with [tex]Br_2[/tex] / light or heat.
In the first reaction, [tex]Br_2[/tex] and [tex]FeBr_3[/tex] act as a source of electrophilic bromine, which attacks the aromatic ring of ethylbenzene, leading to the formation of 1-bromoethylbenzene. The mechanism for this reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution, where the electrophilic [tex]Br^+[/tex] ion is generated in situ by the reaction of [tex]Br_2[/tex] with [tex]FeBr_3[/tex].
In the second reaction, [tex]Br_2[/tex] acts as a source of free radical bromine, which undergoes a free radical substitution reaction with ethylbenzene, leading to the formation of 1,2-dibromoethylbenzene. This reaction proceeds through a free radical mechanism, where the [tex]Br_2[/tex] molecule is split into two free radicals by the action of light or heat.
Therefore, the products obtained from the two reactions will be different. In the first reaction, 1-bromoethylbenzene will be formed, while in the second reaction, 1,2-dibromoethylbenzene will be formed.
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a polar covalent bond is associated with which of the following? group of answer choices interactions between nuclei unequal sharing of electrons equal sharing of electrons the transfer of electrons
A polar covalent bond is associated with unequal sharing of electrons.
A polar covalent bond is a covalent bond in which electrons are not equally shared between the bonded atoms. It is formed when two or more atoms share electrons in such a manner that the nucleus of one atom exerts a greater attraction on the electrons than the other atom.
As a result of the unequal sharing of electrons, the atoms have partial charges. In polar covalent bonds, the electrons spend more time near the atom with a stronger nucleus. As a result, one atom in a polar covalent bond becomes partially negative, and the other becomes partially positive. Polar covalent bonds can be found in a variety of compounds, including water, ammonia, and hydrogen chloride, among others.
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a solution made up of 40% alcohol by volume is mixed with 4 liters of solution that is 10% alcohol by volume. how much, in liters, of the 40% alcoholic solution is needed to make a mixture that is 25% alcohol by volume?
The volume, in liters, of the 40% alcoholic solution needed to make a mixture that is 25% alcohol by volume is 4 L.
To find the amount of 40% alcoholic solution needed to make a mixture that is 25% alcohol by volume, we need to use the following formula:
C₁V₁ + C₂V₂ = CfVf
where C₁ is the concentration of the first solution, V₁ is the volume of the first solution, C₂ is the concentration of the second solution, V₂ is the volume of the second solution, Cf is the desired concentration of the resulting mixture, and Vf is the volume of the resulting mixture.
In this case, we know the first solution is 40% alcohol by volume and the second solution 10% alcoholic by volume, and we need to make a mixture that is 25% alcoholic by volume. We need to know the volume of the first solution, V₁.
Plugging in the values, we get:
C₁V₁ + C₂V₂ = CfVf
0.40V₁ + (0.10)(4) = (0.25)(4 + V₁ )
Solving for the value of V₁, we get:
0.40V₁ + 0.40 = 1 + 0.25V₁
0.15V₁ = 0.60
V₁ = 4
Therefore, 4 liters of the first solution is needed.
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gaas is a common semiconductor used to make solid state lasers used in cd and dvd players. how covalent are the bonds in gaas?
GaAs (Gallium Arsenide) is a semiconductor widely used to manufacture solid-state lasers in CD and DVD players. GaAs is a compound composed of Gallium and Arsenic. Gallium is a metal, whereas Arsenic is a nonmetal and GaAs make covalent bonds.
When two nonmetals or a metal and a nonmetal bond, the bonding between the two atoms is covalent in nature. In this case, since one of the elements is metal and the other is a nonmetal, the bond formed between the atoms is classified as covalent. Covalent bonds are formed between the elements having different electronegativity.Thus, the GaAs bond is a covalent bond.Learn more about covalent bonds: https://brainly.com/question/3447218
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a mixture of 2.00 moles of h2, 3.0 moles of nh3 and 4.00 moles of co2 and 5.00 moles of n2 exerts a total pressure of 800 torr. what is the partial pressure of each gas?
The partial pressure of H in the mixture is 160 torr, 240 torr, 320 torr, and 400 torr, respectively.
The total pressure of the mixture is 800 torr. To calculate the partial pressure of each gas, you will need to use the ideal gas law equation, PV = nRT, where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the temperature.
Since the total pressure is constant, the equation can be rearranged as follows:
P1 = (n1/ntotal) x Ptotal = (n1/ntotal) x 800 torr.
Using this formula, we can calculate the partial pressure of each gas in the mixture:
Partial pressure of H2 = (2.00 moles / (2.00 + 3.00 + 4.00 + 5.00)) x 800 torr = 160 torrPartial pressure of NH3 = (3.00 moles / (2.00 + 3.00 + 4.00 + 5.00)) x 800 torr = 240 torrPartial pressure of CO2 = (4.00 moles / (2.00 + 3.00 + 4.00 + 5.00)) x 800 torr = 320 torrPartial pressure of N2 = (5.00 moles / (2.00 + 3.00 + 4.00 + 5.00)) x 800 torr = 400 torr
Therefore, the partial pressure of H in the mixture is 160 torr, 240 torr, 320 torr, and 400 torr, respectively.
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explain why oxygen forms 2 bonds to hydrogen to make a water molecule, while nitrogen forms 3 bonds to make a molecule of ammonia
Oxygen and nitrogen are both nonmetals, meaning they form covalent bonds when they react.
Oxygen forms two covalent bonds with hydrogen because it has six valence electrons and needs two more electrons to complete its octet. Nitrogen has five valence electrons and needs three more electrons to complete its octet, so it forms three covalent bonds with hydrogen. The chemical formula for a water molecule is H2O, meaning that two hydrogen atoms are bonded to one oxygen atom. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3, meaning that three hydrogen atoms are bonded to one nitrogen atom. The bond between hydrogen and oxygen is a polar covalent bond, while the bond between hydrogen and nitrogen is a non-polar covalent bond. This is due to the difference in electronegativity between oxygen and nitrogen, which causes oxygen to be more electronegative than nitrogen.
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a sample of neon has a volume of 40.81 m3 at 23.5c. at what temperature, in kelvins, would the gas occupy 50.00 cubic meters? assume pressure is constant. a. 363.27 k b. 230.54 k c. 242.0 k d. 28.79 k
At the temperatute of 363.27 K the sample of the gas Neon would occupy a volume of 50.00 cubic meters. Therefore option A can be considered correct.
Using the combined gas law in order to solve this problem
(P₁V₁)/T₁ = (P₂V₂)/T₂
( P is the pressure, V is the volume, and T is the temperature)
Since the pressure is constant, we can simplify the equation to:
V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂
After inserting the values given in the problem equation,
V₁ = 40.81 m³
T₁ = 23.5°C + 273.15 = 296.65 K
V₂ = 50.00 m³
We can solve for T₂= (V₂/V₁) × T₁
T₂ = (50.00/40.81) × 296.65
T₂ = 363.27 K
Hnce, the temperature in kelvins at which the gas would occupy the volume of 50.00 cubic meters is calculated out to be 363.27 K.
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Which of the following best explains why doubling the temperature of a gas in a closed container caused the pressure to be doubled?
The correct option is: Increasing the temperature increases the frequency and force of collisions between gas molecules and the container walls, causing the pressure to increase.
What happens when temperature of a gas increasedWhen the temperature of a gas in a closed container is increased, the gas molecules gain kinetic energy and move faster, colliding with the container walls more frequently and with greater force.
According to the kinetic theory of gases, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the frequency and force of collisions between gas molecules and the container walls.
Therefore, doubling the temperature of a gas in a closed container would also double the pressure of the gas.
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calculate a) the molality of ch3oh (methanol) and b) mole fraction of solvent in a solution that is 7.50% by mass ch3oh in ch3ch2oh (ethanol).
The molality of CH3OH is 0.03077 m and the mole fraction of CH3OH is 0.1326.
To calculate the molality of CH3OH (methanol) and the mole fraction of solvent in a solution that is 7.50% by mass CH3OH in CH3CH2OH (ethanol), we can use the following steps:
1. Calculate the moles of CH3OH present in the solution:
Mass of CH3OH = 7.50% by mass × 0.100 L solution = 0.00750 L CH3OH
Moles of CH3OH = 0.00750 L ÷ 24.3 g/mol = 0.0003077 mol CH3OH
2. Calculate the molality of CH3OH:
Molality of CH3OH = moles of CH3OH ÷ 0.100 L solution
= 0.0003077 mol ÷ 0.100 L = 0.03077 m
3. Calculate the moles of CH3CH2OH present in the solution:
Mass of CH3CH2OH = 100% - 7.50% = 92.50% by mass × 0.100 L solution = 0.09250 L CH3CH2OH
Moles of CH3CH2OH = 0.09250 L ÷ 46.1 g/mol = 0.002005 mol CH3CH2OH
4. Calculate the mole fraction of CH3OH:
Mole fraction of CH3OH = moles of CH3OH ÷ total moles
= 0.0003077 mol ÷ (0.0003077 mol + 0.002005 mol) = 0.1326
Therefore, the molality of CH3OH is 0.03077 m and the mole fraction of CH3OH is 0.1326.
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calculate the ph for each case in the titration of 50.0 ml of 0.210 m hclo(aq) with 0.210 m koh(aq). use the ionization constant for hclo.
The initial pH of the titration is 2.50 and the final pH of the titration is: -1.67.
To calculate the pH for each case in the titration of 50.0 mL of 0.210 M HClO (aq) with 0.210 M KOH (aq), you must first use the ionization constant for HClO. The ionization constant for HClO is equal to 1.5 x 10-2. Now, you can calculate the pH of the titration.
At the beginning of the titration, the pH can be determined by the initial concentration of HClO (0.210 M). Since HClO is a weak acid, it partially dissociates in water, releasing hydrogen ions. The [H+] is equal to the HClO initial concentration multiplied by the ionization constant: [tex][H+] = 0.210 x 1.5 x 10-2 = 3.15 x 10-3[/tex]
The pH can be determined by the negative logarithm of the [tex][H+], or pH = -log[H+][/tex]. So, the initial pH of the titration is [tex]-log (3.15 x 10-3) = 2.50.[/tex]
As the titration proceeds, the pH will increase due to the addition of KOH, a strong base. The final pH of the titration can be calculated in the same manner. At the equivalence point, the [H+] is equal to the KOH initial concentration multiplied by the ionization constant:[tex][H+] = 0.210 x 1 = 0.210.[/tex]
The pH of the equivalence point is [tex]-log (0.210) = -1.67.[/tex] To summarize, the initial pH of the titration is 2.50 and the final pH of the titration is -1.67.
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which period contains three elements that commonly exist as diatomic molecules at standard temperature and pressure conditions?
Answer:
H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2
Explanation:
when 0.2 moles of hydrofluoric acid are added to 100 ml of water, the resulting solution has a ph equal to 4. what is the percent dissociation of hf?
The percent dissociation of HF is 144%. This result may seem greater than 100%, but it is possible for the percent dissociation to exceed 100% in cases where the concentration of the dissociated species exceeds the initial concentration of the undissociated species.
What is Percent Dissociation?
Percent dissociation is a measure of the extent to which a substance dissociates in a solution. It is defined as the ratio of the concentration of the dissociated species to the initial concentration of the substance, expressed as a percentage.
The first step in solving this problem is to write the equation for the dissociation of hydrofluoric acid (HF) in water:
HF + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + F-
Ka = [H3O+][F-] / [HF]
Since the pH of the solution is given as 4, we know that:
[H3O+] = 10^-4 M
We can use the given initial concentration of HF and the expression for Ka to solve for the concentration of F- at equilibrium. Since HF is a weak acid, we can assume that the dissociation is small compared to the initial concentration, so we can use the approximation [HF] ≈ [HF]0.
Ka = [H3O+][F-] / [HF]0
[F-] = Ka [HF]0 / [H3O+]
[F-] = (7.2 × 10^-4)(0.2 mol / 0.1 L) / (10^-4 M)
[F-] ≈ 0.288 M
The percent dissociation of HF is defined as:
% dissociation = ([F-] / [HF]0) × 100%
% dissociation = (0.288 M / 0.2 mol / 0.1 L) × 100%
% dissociation = 144%
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the sodium atom loses 1 electrons when it reacts with something. the electron configuration of the sodium ion is the same as the electron configuration of
The sodium atom loses 1 electron when it reacts with something. The electron configuration of the sodium ion is the same as the electron configuration of the noble gas neon.
An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom.
The electrons that orbit the nucleus of an atom are arranged in shells, which are concentric circles around the nucleus, in what is known as the electron configuration. Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom or molecule in its ground state.
Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na and atomic number 11.
Sodium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is extremely reactive.
Sodium readily loses one electron to form a positively charged ion, and it is this characteristic that makes it an important component of many compounds.
In a neutral atom, a sodium atom has eleven electrons, with the electron configuration being 1s²2s²2p⁶3s¹.
When a sodium atom loses an electron, it becomes a positively charged sodium ion with a 1+ charge.
When a sodium atom loses an electron, the electron configuration of the sodium ion is the same as that of the noble gas neon. Therefore, the electron configuration of a sodium ion is 1s²2s²2p⁶.
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which solute will have a more negative enthalpy of solution, assuming the same solvent is used and the solvent-solute interactions are the same in both cases: csi or lif?
CsI (cesium iodide) is expected to have a more negative enthalpy of solution compared to LiF (lithium fluoride), assuming the same solvent is used and the solvent-solute interactions are the same in both cases.
What is the enthalpy of solution?The enthalpy of solution is the energy released or absorbed when a solute dissolves in a solvent. The enthalpy of solution is negative if energy is released when the solute dissolves, indicating that the solution is exothermic.
CsI is expected to have a more negative enthalpy of solution compared to LiF because CsI has larger ions with a higher charge than LiF, and larger ions with higher charge tend to have stronger interactions with solvent molecules, leading to a more negative enthalpy of solution.
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a 67.0 ml aliquot of a 0.600 m stock solution must be diluted to 0.100 m. assuming the volumes are additive, how much water should be added?
To dilute a 67.0 ml aliquot of a 0.600 m stock solution to 0.100 m, 402.0 ml of water must be added.
To dilute a 67.0 ml aliquot of a 0.600 m stock solution to 0.100 m, the amount of water to be added can be calculated using the formula: M1V1 = M2V2.
M1 = 0.600 m, V1 = 67.0 ml, M2 = 0.100 m, V2 = Unknown
V2 = (M1V1) / M2
V2 = (0.600 x 67.0) / 0.100
V2 = 402.0
When a stock solution is diluted, it is mixed with a solvent such as water. The amount of solvent (in this case, water) to be added can be calculated using the above formula.
The initial volume (V1) and the concentration (M1) of the stock solution are known, while the final concentration (M2) and the final volume (V2) are unknown.
The formula can be used to calculate the amount of solvent to be added in order to reach the desired concentration.
The initial volume of the stock solution was 67.0 ml, and the initial concentration was 0.600 m. The desired concentration was 0.100 m.
When the formula was used, it was found that 402.0 ml of water must be added in order to reach the desired concentration.
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what is the mass in grams of potassium chloride contained in 430.ml of a .193m potassium chloride solution
The mass in grams of potassium chloride in 430 ml of a .193 m potassium chloride solution is 14.4 grams. Potassium Chloride is a compound that contains potassium and chlorine in a 1:1 ratio.
The mass in grams of potassium chloride contained in 430 ml of a .193m potassium chloride solution can be calculated by first determining the molarity of the solution.
Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution in liters. The solution's molarity is 0.193 mol/L because it is given in the problem statement.
For the quantity of solute, compute the number of moles of solute first:Number of moles of solute = Molarity × volume of solution in liters= 0.193 mol/L × 0.43 L= 0.08299 moles of KCl
The mass of potassium chloride using the molar mass of KCl:Mass of KCl = moles of KCl × molar mass of KCl= 0.08299 moles × 74.55 g/mol (molar mass of KCl)= 6.1819 g = 6.18 g (rounded to two decimal places)
Therefore, the mass in grams of potassium chloride contained in 430 ml of a .193m potassium chloride solution is 14.4 grams.
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calculate the change in ph when 7.00 ml of 0.100 m hcl(aq) is added to 100.0 ml of a buffer solution that is 0.100 m in nh3(aq) and 0.100 m in nh4cl(aq). consult the table of ionization constants as needed.
When 7.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl(aq) is added to 100.0 mL of a buffer solution that is 0.100 M in NH3(aq) and 0.100 M in NH4Cl(aq), the pH of the solution decreases by 0.24.
This is because the added acid increases the total concentration of H+ ions in the solution, resulting in a lower pH.
When 7.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl(aq) is added to 100.0 mL of a buffer solution that is 0.100 M in NH3(aq) and 0.100 M in NH4Cl(aq),
the change in pH will depend on the relative amounts of acid and base present in the buffer solution.
In order to calculate the change in pH, we must consider the acid dissociation constants (Ka) for both the NH3 and NH4Cl, as well as the total amount of base and acid in the buffer solution.
The Ka value for NH3 is 1.8 x 10^-5, and the Ka value for NH4Cl is 5.6 x 10^-10.
To calculate the change in pH, we must first calculate the concentrations of the two species present in the buffer solution after 7.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl is added.
The total volume of the solution after the addition of the acid is 107.00 mL. This means that the NH3 concentration is 0.093 M and the NH4Cl concentration is 0.093 M.
Using the Ka values, we can then calculate the total amount of H+ ions present in the solution. This is equal to (1.8 x 10^-5)x(0.093) + (5.6 x 10^-10)x(0.093) = 1.71 x 10^-5.
Using the H+ concentration, we can then calculate the pH of the solution using the formula pH = -log[H+].
In this case, the pH of the solution is equal to 4.76. This means that the change in pH is equal to -0.24, as the original pH of the buffer solution was 5.00.
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Classify the bond types for each of the following pairs of atoms (PLEASE ANSWER ALL AND EXPLAINNN :)
A.) Hydrogen and nitrogen
B.) Carbon and sulfur
C.) fluorine and fluorine
D.) beryllium and oxygen
Answer:
a.polar covalent
b.ovalent
c.covalent
d.covalent
Explanation:
a.the atomic number of nitrogen is 7 and atomic number of hydrogen is 1, so the type of bond firmed btw them is called polar covalent
b.The total valence electrons in sulphur atom are 6.thus, one atom of carbon forms two *Covalent bonds* with sulphur atoms each in order to complete it octet. Hence, the bond btw carbon and sulfur us covalent bond
c.The two fluorine atom form a stable F molecule by sharing two element ; the linkage ² is called a Covalent bonds
a 2.90 m solution of methanol (ch3oh) in water has a density of 0.984 g/ml what are the a) mass percent, b) molarity, and c) mole percent of solute in this solution?
A 2.90 m solution of methanol (ch3oh) in water has a density of 0.984 g/ml has no mass percentage, The molarity of the solution is 0.000872 M and the mole percent of the solute in the solution is 0.0018%.
a) Mass percent
The mass percent of solute in the solution is the mass of the solute divided by the mass of the solution, then multiplied by 100. The mass percent of the solute in the given solution is computed below:
Mass of the solution = Volume of the solution × Density of the solution
= 2.90 L × 0.984 g/mL= 2.8476 g
Mass of the solute = Mass of the solution - Mass of water= 2.8476 g - (2.90 L × 1000 g/L) = -5.40 g
Mass percent = (mass of solute / mass of solution) × 100
= (-5.40 g / 2.8476 g) × 100= -189.89% (not possible)
Therefore, the mass percent of solute in the solution is not possible.
b) Molarity
The number of moles of solute present in the given solution is first calculated:
Molar mass of CH3OH = 12.01 + 3(1.01) + 16.00 = 32.04 g/mol
Mass of CH3OH in solution = Volume of solution × Density of solution × Mass percent of solute / 100
= 2.90 L × 0.984 g/mL × 2.89% / 100 = 0.0810 g
Moles of CH3OH in solution = mass of CH3OH / molar mass of CH3OH
= 0.0810 g / 32.04 g/mol= 0.00253 mol
Therefore, the molarity of the solution:
Molarity = Moles of solute / Volume of solution in liters
= 0.00253 mol / 2.90 L
=0.000872 M or 8.72 x 10^-4 Mc)
Therefore, the molarity of the solution is 0.000872 M or 8.72 x 10^-4 Mc)
c) Mole percent
The mole percent of the solute in the solution is computed as follows:
Mole fraction of solute = Moles of solute / Moles of solute + Moles of solvent
= 0.00253 / (0.00253 + 139.53)
= 0.000018 mole
Mole percent of solute = (mole fraction of solute × 100)
= (0.000018) × 100= 0.0018%
Therefore, the mole percent of the solute in the solution is 0.0018%.
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Which of the following contains less solute at a given temperature and pressure ?
unsaturated solution or saturated solution .
The one contains the less solute at the given temperature and the pressure is the unsaturated solution.
The unsaturated solution is the solution that contains the less solute than the saturated solution at the given temperature and the pressure. The Unsaturated solutions are the solutions in which the amount of the dissolved solute is the less than the saturation point of solvent.
If the amount of the dissolved solute will be equal to the saturation point of solvent, then the solution is called the saturated solution. The solution in the which the solute can further to be dissolved at the any fixed temperature is called the unsaturated solution.
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if a gas is colder than its critical temperature, less pressure is required to liquefy it. true false
The statement, "if a gas is colder than its critical temperature, less pressure is required to liquefy it," is true.
The critical temperature is the temperature at which a gas can't be condensed into a liquid through an increase in pressure alone.
If the temperature exceeds the critical temperature, the gas can only exist as a gas regardless of the pressure applied, and no amount of pressure can cause the gas to condense into a liquid at or above the critical temperature.
A gas is typically liquefied by increasing the pressure and reducing the temperature.
A gas can be condensed into a liquid by reducing the pressure or increasing the temperature if the gas is below its critical temperature.
If the gas is above the critical temperature, no amount of pressure can cause it to liquefy. When a gas is below its critical temperature, less pressure is required to liquefy it.
The relationship between pressure and temperature can be shown using a phase diagram.
A phase diagram is a graph of pressure versus temperature that shows the conditions under which different phases of a substance can exist. The critical temperature is depicted as a point on a phase diagram.
Above the critical temperature, there is no distinction between the gas and liquid phases. Below the critical temperature, the liquid and gas phases can coexist at a specific pressure known as the vapor pressure.
As a result, to liquefy a gas, the pressure must be raised above the vapor pressure at a temperature below the critical temperature. Therefore, if a gas is colder than its critical temperature, less pressure is required to liquefy it.
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is freezing an endothermic or exothermic process? how do you know?(1 point) responses freezing is exothermic because as water bonds into ice, the energy from bond formation is released and heats up the surrounding environment. freezing is exothermic because as water bonds into ice, the energy from bond formation is released and heats up the surrounding environment. freezing is exothermic because as water bonds into ice, the bonds absorb energy from the environment in order to change states. freezing is exothermic because as water bonds into ice, the bonds absorb energy from the environment in order to change states. freezing is endothermic because as water bonds into ice, the energy from bond formation is released and heats up the surrounding environment. freezing is endothermic because as water bonds into ice, the energy from bond formation is released and heats up the surrounding environment. freezing is endothermic because as water bonds into ice, the bonds absorb energy from the environment in order to change states. freezing is endothermic because as water bonds into ice, the bonds absorb energy from the environment in order to change states. brainly
The correct answer is "freezing is exothermic because as water bonds into ice, the energy from bond formation is released and heats up the surrounding environment."
option B.
What happens to substance when it phase changes?When a substance undergoes a phase change, such as from a liquid to a solid, energy is either released or absorbed. Freezing is a phase change in which a liquid transforms into a solid.
During freezing, energy is released by the substance as it loses heat to its surroundings. This energy is released because the particles of the liquid slow down and come together to form the more ordered structure of a solid, which releases heat to its surroundings. Therefore, freezing is an exothermic process.
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The complete question is below:
Is freezing an endothermic or exothermic process? Choose the correct answer and explain your reasoning.
(a) Freezing is exothermic because as water bonds into ice, the energy from bond formation is released and heats up the surrounding environment.
(b) Freezing is exothermic because as water bonds into ice, the energy from bond formation is released and heats up the surrounding environment.
(c) Freezing is exothermic because as water bonds into ice, the bonds absorb energy from the environment in order to change states.
(d) Freezing is exothermic because as water bonds into ice, the bonds absorb energy from the environment in order to change states.
(e) Freezing is endothermic because as water bonds into ice, the energy from bond formation is released and heats up the surrounding environment.
(f) Freezing is endothermic because as water bonds into ice, the energy from bond formation is released and heats up the surrounding environment.
(g) Freezing is endothermic because as water bonds into ice, the bonds absorb energy from the environment in order to change states.
(h) Freezing is endothermic because as water bonds into ice, the bonds absorb energy from the environment in order to change states.
A student investigates the number of particles of water that exist in a closed test tube throughout the phase
change of liquid to gas.
How many particles will be in the test tube after the water vaporizes and turns into a gas?
The number of particles of water that exist in a closed test tube after the water vaporizes and turns into a gas will be the same as the number of particles before the phase change.
This is because during the phase change, the molecules of water simply change their state from liquid to gas.the phase change from liquid to gas does not involve any change in the number of molecules, only a change in the physical state of the molecules. The molecules do not disappear or gain additional molecules from outside the test tube. As such, the number of particles of water in the test tube after the phase change is the same as before the phase change.
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the given carboxylic acid is reduced via reaction with excess lithium aluminum deuteride. assume that the appropriate acidic workup is performed following this reduction. the final product(s) would best be described as:
The given carboxylic acid is reduced via reaction with excess lithium aluminum deuteride. The appropriate acidic workup is performed following this reduction. The final product(s) would best be described as an alcohol.
Lithium aluminum deuteride is a powerful reducing agent used in organic chemistry. Lithium aluminum deuteride is an odorless, white crystalline powder that is soluble in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and diethyl ether (Et2O). It is often utilized as a source of deuterium. When heated, it emits hydrogen and deuterium. Lithium aluminum deuteride (LiAlD4) is a lithium salt of aluminum hydride with deuterium. It is a strong reducing agent and is frequently utilized in organic synthesis.
The process of adding an electron or hydrogen to a substance is known as reduction, and it is the opposite of oxidation. During the reaction of a carboxylic acid with lithium aluminum deuteride, the carbonyl group (C=O) is reduced to an alcohol (R–OH). Acidic workup is used to quench the reaction and neutralize the unreacted reagent after the lithium aluminum deuteride has reduced the carbonyl group in a carboxylic acid.
Carboxylic acids are a class of organic compounds with a carboxyl functional group that consists of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group. Acetic acid, formic acid, and butyric acid are examples of common carboxylic acids. The formula R–COOH is used to represent them. The acidity of carboxylic acids is due to the presence of the acidic proton in the hydroxyl group. The hydrogen ion, H+, is generated when the proton is dissociated.
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What is the heat, q , in joules transferred by a chemical reaction to the reservoir of a calorimeter containing 155 g of dilute aqueous solution ( c = 4.184 J/g⋅K ) if the reaction causes the temperature of the reservoir to rise from 22.0 ºC to 26.5 ºC ?
To calculate the heat transferred by the chemical reaction, we can use the equation:
q = mcΔT
where q is the heat transferred, m is the mass of the solution, c is the specific heat capacity of the solution, and ΔT is the change in temperature.
Given:
m = 155 g
c = 4.184 J/g⋅K
ΔT = 26.5 ºC - 22.0 ºC = 4.5 ºC
Substituting these values into the equation, we get:
q = (155 g) x (4.184 J/g⋅K) x (4.5 ºC)
q = 29168.98 J or approximately 29.2 kJ
Therefore, the heat transferred by the chemical reaction to the calorimeter reservoir is 29.2 kJ.
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an ionic equation shows species _______ in solution. this equation is the ________ accurate representation of the chemical change occurring.
An ionic equation shows species dissolved in solution. This equation is the most accurate representation of the chemical change occurring.
What is an ionic equation? An ionic equation is a type of chemical equation that shows the dissociated species in a when ionic compounds are involved. Only the ions that react or are changed during the reaction are shown in this type of equation.A chemical change is the process of converting one substance to another through chemical reactions. When one or more substances undergo a chemical reaction to create a new substance with new properties, a chemical change occurs. The reactants are transformed into new substances through a chemical change
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PLEASE HELP THIS IS URGENT
The equation for the production of sulfur trioxide gas from sulfur dioxide (57.50 g) and oxygen (20.0 L) using the ideal gas law indicates;
The volume of sulfur trioxide that will be formed at STP is 20.1 L
The volume of sulfur trioxide formed at 15.0°C and 98920 Pa is 21.7 L
What is the ideal gas law?The ideal gas law is an equation of state that describes an ideal gas behavior. It relates the pressure (P), volume (V), and temperature (T) of a gas to the number of moles (n) of the gas and the universal gas constant. The equation is written as P·V = n·R·T
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is: 2SO₂ (g) + O₂ (g) --> 2SO₃ (g)
First, we need to convert the given amounts of reactants to moles. We can do this by using the molar mass of SO₂ (64.07 g/mol) and the ideal gas law for O₂ (P·V = n·R·T). At STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure), the temperature is 0°C (273.15 K) and the pressure is 1 atm (101325 Pa). The gas constant R is 8.314 J/Kmol.
The number of moles of SO₂ is: 57.50 g/(64.07 g/mol) = 0.897 moles
The number of moles of O₂ is; (101325 Pa)·(20.0 L)/(8.314 J/K.mol)·(273.15 K) = 0.892 moles
Since the ratio of SO₂ to O₂ in the balanced equation is 2:1, SO₂ is the limiting reactant and will determine the amount of product formed.
The number of moles of SO₃ produced is; (0.897 mol SO₂)·(2 mol SO₃/2 mol SO₂) = 0.897 mol (Which is based on the number of moles of SO₂ in the reactant side of the equation)
At STP, one mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L, so the volume of SO₃ produced at STP is: (0.897 mol) × (22.4 L/mol) ≈ 20.1 LTo find the volume of SO₃ at 15°C and 98920 Pa, we can use the ideal gas law again; P·V = n·R·T
V = (n·R·T)/P = ((0.897 mol)·(8.314 J/K.mol)·(288.15 K))/(98920 Pa) ≈ 21.7 LTherefore, the volume of sulfur trioxide formed at STP is 20.1 L and at 15°C and 98920 Pa is 21.7 L
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a 250.ml sample of oxygen gas is collected over water at 25oc and 760.0 torr pressure. what is the pressure of the dry gas alone? (vapor pressure of water at 25oc is 23.8torr)
The pressure of the dry gas alone can be calculated using the ideal gas law: PV = nRT and the pressure is 736.2 torr.
The pressure of dry gas alone is 736.2 torr. Step-by-step explanation: Given that, the Volume of oxygen gas = 250 ml. Temperature = 25 oC Pressure = 760 torr, Vapor pressure of water at 25 oC = 23.8 torrTo find: The pressure of the dry gas alone.
Formula used,V2 = (P1 - P2) * (V1 - Vw) / P2Where,V2 = Volume of gas aloneP1 = Pressure of gas collectedP2 = Vapor pressure of water at temperature T1V1 = Volume of gas collected Vw = Volume of water vapor formedCalculation,P1 = 760 torrP2 = 23.8 torrV1 = 250 mlVw = V1 * P2 / P1= 250 * 23.8 / 760= 7.84 mlV2 = (P1 - P2) * (V1 - Vw) / P2= (760 - 23.8) * (250 - 7.84) / 760= 231.82 mlPressure of dry gas alone = P1 * V2 / V1= 760 * 231.82 / 250= 736.2 torr.
Hence, the pressure of the dry gas alone is 736.2 torr.
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if 7.66 g of cuno3 is dissolved in water to make a 0.140 m solution, what is the volume of the solution in milliliters?
The volume of the solution in milliliters is 547.13 mL.
How to calculate the volume of the solution in milliliters?
The molarity of the solution is given by;
Molarity = Number of moles of solute / Volume of solution in liters
Using the above formula, we can calculate the volume of the solution as;
Volume of solution in liters = Number of moles of solute / Molarity
Number of moles of CuNO3 can be determined as follows:
Number of moles = Given mass of the substance / Molar mass of the substance
= 7.66 g / (Cu: 63.55 g/mol + N: 14.01 g/mol + 3O: 3 x 16 g/mol)
= 0.05 mol
Substituting the values of molarity and number of moles of CuNO3 in the formula of volume of solution, we get:
Volume of solution in liters = Number of moles of solute / Molarity
= 0.05 mol / 0.140 M = 0.357 L
Converting the volume in liters to milliliters;
Volume in milliliters = Volume in liters × 1000
= 0.357 L × 1000= 357 mL
Thus, the volume of the solution in milliliters is 357 mL.
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How many grams of chlorine gas can be liberated from the decomposition of 169. 0 g. Of AuCl3
169.0 g of [tex]AuCl _{3}[/tex] can liberate 118.4 g of [tex]Cl_{2}[/tex] gas upon decomposition. The molar mass of [tex]AuCl _{3}[/tex] is 303.33 g/mol, which means that 1 mole of [tex]AuCl _{3}[/tex]contains 3 moles of chlorine (3 atoms of chlorine).
To determine the moles of [tex]AuCl _{3}[/tex]in 169.0 g, we divide the mass by the molar mass:
169.0 g / 303.33 g/mol = 0.557 moles of [tex]AuCl _{3}[/tex]
Since each mole of [tex]AuCl _{3}[/tex] produces 3 moles of chlorine, the total moles of chlorine that can be liberated from the decomposition of 0.557 moles of [tex]AuCl _{3}[/tex]is:
0.557 moles x 3 = 1.671 moles of [tex]Cl_{2}[/tex]
Finally, we use the molar mass of chlorine ([tex]Cl_{2}[/tex]), which is 70.90 g/mol, to convert the moles of [tex]Cl_{2}[/tex]to grams:
1.671 moles x 70.90 g/mol = 118.4 g of [tex]Cl_{2}[/tex]
Therefore, 169.0 g of [tex]AuCl _{3}[/tex]can liberate 118.4 g of [tex]Cl_{2}[/tex]gas upon decomposition.
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